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  1. #1

    16 - 09 - 2008
    UAE
    3,869

    ***********************


    () Total Blood Count TBC .

    () E.S.R Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

    ()
    Glucose
    Creatinine
    Uric Acid
    Plasma Urea
    Cholesterol: HDL ( )
    LDL ( )
    TG (Triglycerides)
    Proteins *Albumin *Globulin
    Bilirubin
    Iron
    TIBC
    Ferritin
    Calcium
    Magnesium
    Phosphorus
    Sodium
    Potassium .
    Chloride .
    pH 7.4

    () :
    AST) (GOT) - (Aspartate Transaminase)


    ALT) Alanine Transaminase)

    LDH - Lactate Dehydrogenase
    - - - - .. ..
    CK - Creatine Kinase

    Lipase

    G-6-PD (Glucose-6- Phosphate Dehydrogenase)
    ( )

    () Hormones

    1- :
    Thyroxine T4
    Triiodothyronine T3
    Free Thyroxine Free T4

    TSH :
    Calcitonin :

    2- - :
    Parathyroid Hormone PTH


    3- :
    Catecholamines
    Vanillylmandelic Acid - VMA
    Cortisol
    Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone - ACTH
    Aldosterone

    4- :
    Testosterone
    Oestradiol - E2
    Progestrone
    Luteinizing Hormone - LH
    Follicle Stimulating Hormone - FSH ()
    Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin - HCG

    5- :
    Growth Hormone - GH
    Prolactin - PRL
    Antidiuretic Hormone - ADH

    6- :
    Insulin
    Glucagon

    7- :
    Renin
    Erythropoietin


    RBC 4.5 6.5 / 3.9 5.6 /
    Haemoglobin 13.5- 18 % 11.5- 16 %
    Haematocrit value 42- 52 % 37- 47 %
    WBC 4.500 - 11.000 / :
    Neutrophiles () 45 - 70 %
    Lymphocytes () 20 - 40 %
    Monocytes () 1 - 6 %
    Eosinophiles ( ) 1 - 4 %
    Basophiles ( ) 0 - 1 %
    Platelets 150 - 450 /
    Reticulocyte 0.2 - 2 %
    ESR : 0 - 13 - 0 - 20 Bleeding Time 1 - 5
    Coagulation Time 5 - 10
    Prothrombin Time 11- 13
    Thrombin time 3
    70 - 110 %
    15 - 45 %
    1.2 %
    7 %
    200 %
    200 %
    55 %
    110 %
    21 - 92 /
    1.2 %
    6 - 8 %
    3.8 4.6 %
    2.5 5 %
    13.3 1.46 %
    0.38 0.45 %
    1.6 2.55 %
    60 160 %
    T.I.B.C 250 400 %
    D-xylose 19 %
    8.8 10.2 %
    ALT ( SGPT ) 8 - 41 /
    AST ( SGOT ) 40 /
    Gamma G.T 5 - 28 /
    L.D.H 180 - 600 /
    C.P.K. 50 /
    Amylase 80 - 360 /
    LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) 100240 IU/L
    Haptoglobin 0.32 g/L
    Serum alkaline phosphatase 30120 U/L
    Serum bilirubin (total) <10 mg/L
    Serum bilirubin (indirect) <7 mg/L
    Serum transferrin receptors 49 μg/L
    Serum iron Males: 80150 μg/dL
    Females: 60140 μg/dL
    Serum ferritin Males: 40350 μg/L
    Females: 20250 μg/L
    Serum vitamin B12 160900 ng/L
    Serum folate 3.115 μg/L
    C-reactive protein 0.083.1 mg/L
    Serum β2-microglobulin 1.22.8 mg/L
    Total protein 6080 g/L
    IgG (adults) 616.0 g/L
    IgA (adults) 0.84.0 g/L
    IgM (adults ) 0.53.3 g/L
    IgD (adults ) <0.14 g/L
    Serum viscosity 1.41.8 relative units
    IgE 20150 U/mL
    Fibrinogen 24 g/L
    Activated PTT 22.135.1 s




    1- ( Total Blood Count ) ( TBC ) .
    :
    RBC 4.5 6.5 / 3.9 5.6 /
    Haemolobin 13.5- 18 % 11.5- 16 %
    Haematocrit value 42- 52 % 37- 47 %
    WBC 4.500 - 11.000 / :
    Neutrophiles () 45 - 70 %
    Lymphocytes () 20 - 40 %
    Monocytes () 1 - 6 %
    Eosinophiles ( ) 1 - 4 %
    Basophiles ( ) 0 - 1 %
    Platelets 150 - 450 /
    Reticulocyte 0.2 - 2 %
    ESR : 0 - 13 * 0 - 20 Bleeding Time 1 - 5
    Coagulation Time 5 - 10
    Prothrombin Time 11- 13
    Thrombin time 3
    1- :
    - - - - - Erythropoietin
    2- :
    - - Erythropoietin - - 126
    3- : -
    - -
    4- : - - - -
    5- : - - - -
    6- : - -
    7- :
    2- E.S.R (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)
    . ... .... .

    :
    Age < 50
    Man 0 to 15 mm\hr
    Women 0 to 20 mm\hr
    Age > 50
    Man 0 to 20 mm\hr
    Women 0 to 30 mm\hr
    Neonatal to puberty 0 to 13 mm\hr
    Newborn 0 to 2 mm\hr
    : - Macrycytosis - -
    : - - - : - -
    C-reactive protein
    ASO Anti-streptolysin-O
    3- PT- APTT (Bleeding Time)



    1- ( Fasting Blood Glucose) :
    8 12
    70 110 100
    120 130 ѡ 3 .
    2- ( Post Prandial Blood Glucose):
    ( 75 ) .
    140 .
    3- ( Glucose Tolerance Test) ( GTT)
    ѡ .
    8 12 75 ( 1 ) 3 .
    70 110 120 130 2 3 " " ( Insulin Shot) .
    130 180 .
    2 3 .
    4- ( Glycosylated Haemoglobin - HbA 1c)
    A1c .
    ( HbA1c) 120 5 - 8% .


    (Testosterone-Estradiol-Progesterone)

    () : (Testosterone)
    :
    9-38 /
    0.35 - 3.8 / ( )
    3.5 /
    1.4 ( )
    LH) )
    : ( ) - - - ( (Stein - Levinthal Syndrome
    : - ( Kleinflter Syndrome) - -
    () : (Estrogens) (Estradiol) :
    ( (Follicular Phases) 70 -440 /
    ( (Luteal Phases) 220 -620 /
    20.000 - 130.000 /
    70- 330 / ( )
    70 /
    (Estradiol) (FSH) (LH)
    () : ( Progesterone)
    :
    ( ) 0.8- 6.4 /
    ( ) 8-80 /
    3.18 / ( )
    0.95 - 1.2 /
    243 - 1166 /
    (LH)


    (LHFSHProlactinGH)


    )) ( LH) ( Luteinizing Hormone)
    ( Estrogens)
    ( Progesterone) . ( LH) (Testosterone) . (LH) 2-20 / . 15-80 / (LH) 1-8.4 / (LH) 0.4 /
    (LH) : (Normal Menopause) ( Premature Menopause) .
    (LH) : - - - ( Shihan Syndrome)

    () (FSH) ( Follicle Stimulating Hormone) (FSH) (LH) : ( Infertility) - -
    ( FSH) : ( Menopause). - - - ( Seminiferous Tublar Failure) ( Climacteric) - ( Ovariectomy)
    ( FSH) : ( )- ( Panhypopituitarism) - ( Anorexia Nervosa) - ( Hypogonadism)
    ( FSH) Follicular & Luteal Phases) ) 2-12 / ( Ovulation) 8-22 / ( FSH) 1-10.5 / ( FSH) 2.5 /
    () ( Prolactin)
    . Follicular Phases) ) ( Luteal Phases) .
    : - ( Amenorrhea) ( Oligomenorrhea) - ( Oligospermia) - - ( Galactorrhea) ( Gynaecomastia) - ( Galactorrhea) - - .
    4-25 / 25 600 / 6-17 / .
    : - - - - Phenothiazine Haloperidol
    () (GH) ( Growth Hormone)
    ( Anabolic) ( Lipolysis)
    (GH) 0.48 / ( GH) ( Stress) ( GH) ( GH) :
    ( Dwarfism) - ( Gigantism) 10 /
    ( GH)
    ( GH) ( Stress) ( - - ) - - ( Gigantism) - -
    ( GH) - - - ( Glucocorticoids)
    Thyroid Hormones
    (T3-T4-Free T4-TSH)

    ( Thyroid Gland) ɡ (Follicular Cells) : (Thyroxine T4 ) (Triiodothyronine T3 )
    ϡ .
    T3 T4 :
    1- :

    .
    2- : ɡ ( Bile Acids) .
    3- : (Anabolic Protein) ( Catabolic Protein) ( Negative Nitrogen Balance)
    .
    4- ( )
    5- ( Cretinism) .
    6- : ǡ ( Thermogenesis) "" "".
    :
    () ( Hypothyroidism)
    T4
    T4 T3 ( Myxoedema) . ( Primary) (Secondary) ǡ ( TSH) . (TSH) .
    () ( Hyperthyroidism)
    () 40-60% ( Hypocholesterolaemia) ( Hyperglycaemia) ( Glucosuria) T4 T3 T4 ( Thyrotoxicosis) ( Graves Disease) .
    :
    1- T3 T4
    (T4)

    ( Thyroxine- Binding Globulin and Prealbumin) . T4 5-12 /100 (65-156 / ) T3 0.07-0.17 / 100 ( 0.91 - 2.2 /)
    T3 T4 :
    ** T3 T4 :

    (TBG )


    T3
    ** T3 T4 :



    2- ( Free T4)
    ( T4 ) ( T4) ( ) 0.8- 2.4 /100 (0.01- 0.03 /( ɡ .
    T3 ( Resin T3 uptake - RT3 U) Resin
    (T3) ¡ ( Resin) ( T3) ( Resin) 25-35%

    .

    .
    T4 ( Free Thyroxine - FT4 )
    ( T4) ( T4)
    ( T3) ( RT3 u) Resin
    .
    3- (TSH)
    Anterior Pituitary Gland
    Hypothalamus ( - ) T3 T4
    0.5- 5 /
    TSH

    ( TSH) :


    ( )

    Parathyroid Hormone
    Parathyroid Hormone-PTH (Chief-Cells) (PTH) ɡ ʡ ( PTH) (Ca++) .
    ( PTH)
    1- :
    ( PTH)
    (H2CO3,Pi,K+) (H+,NH4).
    (Distal Renal Tubule) (Proximal Renal Tubule) .
    2- :
    :
    (Ý) (Collagen) (Osteogenesis) (Osteoblast)
    (ȝ) .
    (̝) (Osteolysis) (Osteocyte)
    ) ( (Osteoclast)
    (Osteoblast)
    ( )
    3- ( Gastrointestinal Tract)
    ""
    RAI) ) 30-83 /
    ( PTH)
    (PTH) :
    1- ( Hyperparathyroidism)
    2- .
    :
    1- .
    2- .
    3- ( Alkaline Phosphatase)
    (PTH)


    Liver Function Tests

    :
    1-
    2-

    3-

    )) : .
    6 - 8 100
    .
    () :
    3.5 - 5.5 / 100
    : - -
    : - - - -
    )) : : .
    2 - 3.6 / 100
    - - - .
    - - -
    )) : .
    0.2 - 0.6 / 100
    - -
    - - - -
    ( )
    ( ( A/G =
    ( / ) =
    ( / ) -
    ( + )
    2 111
    ( ( A/G
    )) ( AST/GOT)
    ( ALT/GPT) : ( GPT) 45 / (GOT) 41 /

    ( GPT) ( GOT) ( GOT)
    " 6 "
    () ( Y - GT) : 30 25 50
    - -
    () : (ALP) " " (pH) 7
    24 - 71 / 30 350 /
    : - - - - -

    () : ɡ ( ID BIL ) ( D BIL ) ( T- BIL ) 3.5 - 19 / 7 /
    :
    1-
    2-
    3-







    05-18-2010, 12:11 PM

    Kidney Hormones

    (1) ( Aldosterone)
    (Zona Granulosa)

    : ( Renin - Angiotensin) ( ACTH)
    4 - 9 / 100 2 - 18 / 24
    (24 )
    - -
    - -
    : ( Carcinoma) - ( Salt Losing Nephritis) - - - .
    -
    ( (( Conn's Disease)

    (2) ( Cortisol )


    165 - 744 / 83 - 358 /
    : - - - - - () - - ( Encephalitis) - -
    : - - (Addison's Disease)
    (3) ( ACTH) : ( ACTH) ͡
    ( ACTH) 7 - 40 /


    ( ACTH) : - ( Feed Back) - ( Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia) - - ( Lysine - Vasopressin)
    ( ACTH) : ( Panhypopituitarism) -
    Kidney Function Tests
    :
    (1) ( Urea) :
    ( NH3)
    50% .
    ( 3.5 - 7 / )
    Blood Urea Nitrogen ( BUN)
    ( 0.9 - 8.9 / )
    20 - 40 / 100 5 - 15 / 100 5 - 20 / 100
    :
    1-
    2-
    3-
    4-
    5-
    6-
    7-
    :
    1- Hepatic Coma
    2- Hemodialysis .
    3- Cachexia Malnutrition Starvation
    ʡ
    .
    .

    (2) Creatinine :

    Anhydrous Creatine
    Phosphocreatine
    24 .
    0.5 - 1.5 100 ( 60 - 123 / )
    1.5 / 24 1.0 / 24
    :
    1-
    2-
    0.5 / 100 .
    (3) Creatinine Clearance Test:
    24 24 .
    90 - 140 /
    80 - 125 /
    Creatinine Clearance (c) :
    C= Uc Tv / 24 60 Sc
    :
    Uc
    Sc
    Tv 24
    24
    60
    :
    1- Water Depletion
    2-
    3-

    (4) (( Uric Acid
    Purine
    Adinine Guanine
    ѡ

    3 - 7 100
    2 - 6 100
    80 %

    300 - 700 / 24
    ( ) ( ) 24 .
    :
    1- Gout
    2- Pre - Eclampsia &Eclampsia
    3- Leukaemia
    4-
    5-
    6- Glycogen Storage Disease - Type 1
    7-
    8- Alcoholism
    :
    1-
    2- Allpurinol Probenicid


    ****************************************

    : Total Lipids
    ɡ ( ) ( ) ʡ :
    (Triglyceride)
    ( Fatty Acids)
    ( Waxes)
    ( Steroid)
    ( Terpenes)
    ( Cholesterol) (Triglyceride) ( Phospholipids)
    ( Fatty Acids)

    ( 4.5 - 10 )
    ǡ ڡ .
    ()
    ɡ "" Bile Acids
    ( Lipoproteins)

    () .
    :
    1-
    2-
    3-
    4-
    5-
    :
    1-
    2-
    3-
    4-

    :
    20 :120-230 / 100
    30 :120-240 / 100
    40 : 140 -260 / 100
    50 : 150-290 / 100
    60 : 160-300 / 100
    () " TG" :
    90 % ( Chylomicron) 10 %
    ( Very Low Density Lipoprotein - VLDL) .

    30 :10-140 / 100
    40 : 10 -150 / 100
    50 : 10-160 / 100
    60 : 10-170 / 100
    :
    1- ɡ
    2-

    3-
    4-
    5-
    :
    1-
    2- LDL
    ( Fatty Liver)

    : Lipoproteins Analysis

    ɡ :
    - ( Chylomicrons)
    - ( VLDL)
    - ( LDL- Low Density Lipoproteins)
    - ( HDL - High Density Lipoproteins)
    :
    () ( HDL - High Density Lipoproteins)
    HDL
    ( ά - lipoprotein) 25 % - 45 % HDL HDL
    HDL HDL HDL
    HDL
    HDL ( 0.83 2.5 / )
    )) (LDL- Low Density Lipoproteins)

    (β - lipoprotein) 50 75 % LDL ˡ LDL HDL
    LDL ( 0.5 3.88 / )
    LDL :
    LDL Cholesterol (mg/dl) = (Total Cholesterol - HDL Cholesterol Triglyceride) / 5
    Triglyceride 400 mg/dl
    LDL :
    LDL Cholesterol (mmol/L) = (Total Cholesterol - HDL Cholesterol Triglyceride) / 22
    :
    Triglyceride
    LDL Cholesterol
    HDL Cholesterol
    Total Cholesterol



    *******************************************



    :
    1- ( Bicarbonate)
    (Buffer) (PH)
    PH -
    (Acid - **** Balance)
    23- 28 /
    :
    - ( Metabolic Alkalosis ) PH
    - ( Respiratory Acidosis ) PH
    .
    :
    - PH
    - PH
    ( Hyperventilation )
    2- ( Ammonia )
    :
    1- ɡ
    2- ǡ Ρ
    10 - 110 / 100 ( 15 - 65 / )
    (Liver Bypass) ϡ ( Portacaval Shunt )
    ( )
    .
    ( Starvation) ϡ
    3- ( Pseudocholinesterase)
    ()
    ( Acetylcholinesterase )
    ( ) ɡ ( Acetylcholine ) ȡ .
    Pseudocholinesterase 0.6 1.4
    25 5 - 12 37

    ϡ

    ( Organophosphorus Compounds ) ɡ ͡ ǡ

    Pseudocholinesterase (Muscle Relaxant) ( Succinylcholine ) ɡ ɡ
    ( Obesity)
    ( Nephrosis)
    4- ( ACP - Acid Phosphatase)
    :
    - ( Total Acid Phosphatse)
    - ( Prostatic Acid Phosphatase)
    ǡ .
    2.5 - 11.5
    2 - 5
    7


    ( )



    5- ( Amylase )

    100 - 300 / ѡ

    :
    1-
    2- 3 - 4 20 - 40 ɡ
    2 - 40
    3-
    4-

    5-
    6- ( - )
    :
    1-
    2-
    3-
    6- 6
    ( G6PDH ) Glucose 6- phosphate dehydrogenase)
    G6PDH
    ( NADPH )
    ( Ribose - Phosphate)
    NADPH :-
    1-
    2- ( Steroid Hormones)
    3- ( Glutathione) ( Hydrogen Peroxide ) ( Ferrous) ( Met- Haemoglobin )
    G6PDH ɡ



    ( Favism )
    .
    :
    1-
    ( Whole Blood ) ( Screening Test )
    2-

    ( Myocardial Infarction )
    120 - 280 10

    .. :
    :
    :






  2. #2

    28 - 12 - 2009
    ..
    591

    3

  1. :
    : 0
    : 2012-01-20, 19:07
  2. _
    :
    : 3
    : 2010-03-28, 18:51
  3. Escada_1 :
    : 1
    : 2008-11-03, 16:57
  4. shai5t dxb :
    : 2
    : 2007-12-26, 00:47

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