-
***********************
() Total Blood Count TBC .
() E.S.R Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
()
Glucose
Creatinine
Uric Acid
Plasma Urea
Cholesterol: HDL ( )
LDL ( )
TG (Triglycerides)
Proteins *Albumin *Globulin
Bilirubin
Iron
TIBC
Ferritin
Calcium
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Sodium
Potassium .
Chloride .
pH 7.4
() :
AST) (GOT) - (Aspartate Transaminase)
ALT) Alanine Transaminase)
LDH - Lactate Dehydrogenase
- - - - .. ..
CK - Creatine Kinase
Lipase
G-6-PD (Glucose-6- Phosphate Dehydrogenase)
( )
() Hormones
1- :
Thyroxine T4
Triiodothyronine T3
Free Thyroxine Free T4
TSH :
Calcitonin :
2- - :
Parathyroid Hormone PTH
3- :
Catecholamines
Vanillylmandelic Acid - VMA
Cortisol
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone - ACTH
Aldosterone
4- :
Testosterone
Oestradiol - E2
Progestrone
Luteinizing Hormone - LH
Follicle Stimulating Hormone - FSH ()
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin - HCG
5- :
Growth Hormone - GH
Prolactin - PRL
Antidiuretic Hormone - ADH
6- :
Insulin
Glucagon
7- :
Renin
Erythropoietin
RBC 4.5 6.5 / 3.9 5.6 /
Haemoglobin 13.5- 18 % 11.5- 16 %
Haematocrit value 42- 52 % 37- 47 %
WBC 4.500 - 11.000 / :
Neutrophiles () 45 - 70 %
Lymphocytes () 20 - 40 %
Monocytes () 1 - 6 %
Eosinophiles ( ) 1 - 4 %
Basophiles ( ) 0 - 1 %
Platelets 150 - 450 /
Reticulocyte 0.2 - 2 %
ESR : 0 - 13 - 0 - 20 Bleeding Time 1 - 5
Coagulation Time 5 - 10
Prothrombin Time 11- 13
Thrombin time 3
70 - 110 %
15 - 45 %
1.2 %
7 %
200 %
200 %
55 %
110 %
21 - 92 /
1.2 %
6 - 8 %
3.8 4.6 %
2.5 5 %
13.3 1.46 %
0.38 0.45 %
1.6 2.55 %
60 160 %
T.I.B.C 250 400 %
D-xylose 19 %
8.8 10.2 %
ALT ( SGPT ) 8 - 41 /
AST ( SGOT ) 40 /
Gamma G.T 5 - 28 /
L.D.H 180 - 600 /
C.P.K. 50 /
Amylase 80 - 360 /
LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) 100240 IU/L
Haptoglobin 0.32 g/L
Serum alkaline phosphatase 30120 U/L
Serum bilirubin (total) <10 mg/L
Serum bilirubin (indirect) <7 mg/L
Serum transferrin receptors 49 μg/L
Serum iron Males: 80150 μg/dL
Females: 60140 μg/dL
Serum ferritin Males: 40350 μg/L
Females: 20250 μg/L
Serum vitamin B12 160900 ng/L
Serum folate 3.115 μg/L
C-reactive protein 0.083.1 mg/L
Serum β2-microglobulin 1.22.8 mg/L
Total protein 6080 g/L
IgG (adults) 616.0 g/L
IgA (adults) 0.84.0 g/L
IgM (adults ) 0.53.3 g/L
IgD (adults ) <0.14 g/L
Serum viscosity 1.41.8 relative units
IgE 20150 U/mL
Fibrinogen 24 g/L
Activated PTT 22.135.1 s
1- ( Total Blood Count ) ( TBC ) .
:
RBC 4.5 6.5 / 3.9 5.6 /
Haemolobin 13.5- 18 % 11.5- 16 %
Haematocrit value 42- 52 % 37- 47 %
WBC 4.500 - 11.000 / :
Neutrophiles () 45 - 70 %
Lymphocytes () 20 - 40 %
Monocytes () 1 - 6 %
Eosinophiles ( ) 1 - 4 %
Basophiles ( ) 0 - 1 %
Platelets 150 - 450 /
Reticulocyte 0.2 - 2 %
ESR : 0 - 13 * 0 - 20 Bleeding Time 1 - 5
Coagulation Time 5 - 10
Prothrombin Time 11- 13
Thrombin time 3
1- :
- - - - - Erythropoietin
2- :
- - Erythropoietin - - 126
3- : -
- -
4- : - - - -
5- : - - - -
6- : - -
7- :
2- E.S.R (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)
. ... .... .
:
Age < 50
Man 0 to 15 mm\hr
Women 0 to 20 mm\hr
Age > 50
Man 0 to 20 mm\hr
Women 0 to 30 mm\hr
Neonatal to puberty 0 to 13 mm\hr
Newborn 0 to 2 mm\hr
: - Macrycytosis - -
: - - - : - -
C-reactive protein
ASO Anti-streptolysin-O
3- PT- APTT (Bleeding Time)
1- ( Fasting Blood Glucose) :
8 12
70 110 100
120 130 ѡ 3 .
2- ( Post Prandial Blood Glucose):
( 75 ) .
140 .
3- ( Glucose Tolerance Test) ( GTT)
ѡ .
8 12 75 ( 1 ) 3 .
70 110 120 130 2 3 " " ( Insulin Shot) .
130 180 .
2 3 .
4- ( Glycosylated Haemoglobin - HbA 1c)
A1c .
( HbA1c) 120 5 - 8% .
(Testosterone-Estradiol-Progesterone)
() : (Testosterone)
:
9-38 /
0.35 - 3.8 / ( )
3.5 /
1.4 ( )
LH) )
: ( ) - - - ( (Stein - Levinthal Syndrome
: - ( Kleinflter Syndrome) - -
() : (Estrogens) (Estradiol) :
( (Follicular Phases) 70 -440 /
( (Luteal Phases) 220 -620 /
20.000 - 130.000 /
70- 330 / ( )
70 /
(Estradiol) (FSH) (LH)
() : ( Progesterone)
:
( ) 0.8- 6.4 /
( ) 8-80 /
3.18 / ( )
0.95 - 1.2 /
243 - 1166 /
(LH)
(LHFSHProlactinGH)
)) ( LH) ( Luteinizing Hormone)
( Estrogens)
( Progesterone) . ( LH) (Testosterone) . (LH) 2-20 / . 15-80 / (LH) 1-8.4 / (LH) 0.4 /
(LH) : (Normal Menopause) ( Premature Menopause) .
(LH) : - - - ( Shihan Syndrome)
() (FSH) ( Follicle Stimulating Hormone) (FSH) (LH) : ( Infertility) - -
( FSH) : ( Menopause). - - - ( Seminiferous Tublar Failure) ( Climacteric) - ( Ovariectomy)
( FSH) : ( )- ( Panhypopituitarism) - ( Anorexia Nervosa) - ( Hypogonadism)
( FSH) Follicular & Luteal Phases) ) 2-12 / ( Ovulation) 8-22 / ( FSH) 1-10.5 / ( FSH) 2.5 /
() ( Prolactin)
. Follicular Phases) ) ( Luteal Phases) .
: - ( Amenorrhea) ( Oligomenorrhea) - ( Oligospermia) - - ( Galactorrhea) ( Gynaecomastia) - ( Galactorrhea) - - .
4-25 / 25 600 / 6-17 / .
: - - - - Phenothiazine Haloperidol
() (GH) ( Growth Hormone)
( Anabolic) ( Lipolysis)
(GH) 0.48 / ( GH) ( Stress) ( GH) ( GH) :
( Dwarfism) - ( Gigantism) 10 /
( GH)
( GH) ( Stress) ( - - ) - - ( Gigantism) - -
( GH) - - - ( Glucocorticoids)
Thyroid Hormones
(T3-T4-Free T4-TSH)
( Thyroid Gland) ɡ (Follicular Cells) : (Thyroxine T4 ) (Triiodothyronine T3 )
ϡ .
T3 T4 :
1- :
.
2- : ɡ ( Bile Acids) .
3- : (Anabolic Protein) ( Catabolic Protein) ( Negative Nitrogen Balance)
.
4- ( )
5- ( Cretinism) .
6- : ǡ ( Thermogenesis) "" "".
:
() ( Hypothyroidism)
T4
T4 T3 ( Myxoedema) . ( Primary) (Secondary) ǡ ( TSH) . (TSH) .
() ( Hyperthyroidism)
() 40-60% ( Hypocholesterolaemia) ( Hyperglycaemia) ( Glucosuria) T4 T3 T4 ( Thyrotoxicosis) ( Graves Disease) .
:
1- T3 T4
(T4)
( Thyroxine- Binding Globulin and Prealbumin) . T4 5-12 /100 (65-156 / ) T3 0.07-0.17 / 100 ( 0.91 - 2.2 /)
T3 T4 :
** T3 T4 :
(TBG )
T3
** T3 T4 :
2- ( Free T4)
( T4 ) ( T4) ( ) 0.8- 2.4 /100 (0.01- 0.03 /( ɡ .
T3 ( Resin T3 uptake - RT3 U) Resin
(T3) ¡ ( Resin) ( T3) ( Resin) 25-35%
.
.
T4 ( Free Thyroxine - FT4 )
( T4) ( T4)
( T3) ( RT3 u) Resin
.
3- (TSH)
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Hypothalamus ( - ) T3 T4
0.5- 5 /
TSH
( TSH) :
( )
Parathyroid Hormone
Parathyroid Hormone-PTH (Chief-Cells) (PTH) ɡ ʡ ( PTH) (Ca++) .
( PTH)
1- :
( PTH)
(H2CO3,Pi,K+) (H+,NH4).
(Distal Renal Tubule) (Proximal Renal Tubule) .
2- :
:
(Ý) (Collagen) (Osteogenesis) (Osteoblast)
(ȝ) .
(̝) (Osteolysis) (Osteocyte)
) ( (Osteoclast)
(Osteoblast)
( )
3- ( Gastrointestinal Tract)
""
RAI) ) 30-83 /
( PTH)
(PTH) :
1- ( Hyperparathyroidism)
2- .
:
1- .
2- .
3- ( Alkaline Phosphatase)
(PTH)
Liver Function Tests
:
1-
2-
3-
)) : .
6 - 8 100
.
() :
3.5 - 5.5 / 100
: - -
: - - - -
)) : : .
2 - 3.6 / 100
- - - .
- - -
)) : .
0.2 - 0.6 / 100
- -
- - - -
( )
( ( A/G =
( / ) =
( / ) -
( + )
2 111
( ( A/G
)) ( AST/GOT)
( ALT/GPT) : ( GPT) 45 / (GOT) 41 /
( GPT) ( GOT) ( GOT)
" 6 "
() ( Y - GT) : 30 25 50
- -
() : (ALP) " " (pH) 7
24 - 71 / 30 350 /
: - - - - -
() : ɡ ( ID BIL ) ( D BIL ) ( T- BIL ) 3.5 - 19 / 7 /
:
1-
2-
3-
05-18-2010, 12:11 PM
Kidney Hormones
(1) ( Aldosterone)
(Zona Granulosa)
: ( Renin - Angiotensin) ( ACTH)
4 - 9 / 100 2 - 18 / 24
(24 )
- -
- -
: ( Carcinoma) - ( Salt Losing Nephritis) - - - .
-
( (( Conn's Disease)
(2) ( Cortisol )
165 - 744 / 83 - 358 /
: - - - - - () - - ( Encephalitis) - -
: - - (Addison's Disease)
(3) ( ACTH) : ( ACTH) ͡
( ACTH) 7 - 40 /
( ACTH) : - ( Feed Back) - ( Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia) - - ( Lysine - Vasopressin)
( ACTH) : ( Panhypopituitarism) -
Kidney Function Tests
:
(1) ( Urea) :
( NH3)
50% .
( 3.5 - 7 / )
Blood Urea Nitrogen ( BUN)
( 0.9 - 8.9 / )
20 - 40 / 100 5 - 15 / 100 5 - 20 / 100
:
1-
2-
3-
4-
5-
6-
7-
:
1- Hepatic Coma
2- Hemodialysis .
3- Cachexia Malnutrition Starvation
ʡ
.
.
(2) Creatinine :
Anhydrous Creatine
Phosphocreatine
24 .
0.5 - 1.5 100 ( 60 - 123 / )
1.5 / 24 1.0 / 24
:
1-
2-
0.5 / 100 .
(3) Creatinine Clearance Test:
24 24 .
90 - 140 /
80 - 125 /
Creatinine Clearance (c) :
C= Uc Tv / 24 60 Sc
:
Uc
Sc
Tv 24
24
60
:
1- Water Depletion
2-
3-
(4) (( Uric Acid
Purine
Adinine Guanine
ѡ
3 - 7 100
2 - 6 100
80 %
300 - 700 / 24
( ) ( ) 24 .
:
1- Gout
2- Pre - Eclampsia &Eclampsia
3- Leukaemia
4-
5-
6- Glycogen Storage Disease - Type 1
7-
8- Alcoholism
:
1-
2- Allpurinol Probenicid
****************************************
: Total Lipids
ɡ ( ) ( ) ʡ :
(Triglyceride)
( Fatty Acids)
( Waxes)
( Steroid)
( Terpenes)
( Cholesterol) (Triglyceride) ( Phospholipids)
( Fatty Acids)
( 4.5 - 10 )
ǡ ڡ .
()
ɡ "" Bile Acids
( Lipoproteins)
() .
:
1-
2-
3-
4-
5-
:
1-
2-
3-
4-
:
20 :120-230 / 100
30 :120-240 / 100
40 : 140 -260 / 100
50 : 150-290 / 100
60 : 160-300 / 100
() " TG" :
90 % ( Chylomicron) 10 %
( Very Low Density Lipoprotein - VLDL) .
30 :10-140 / 100
40 : 10 -150 / 100
50 : 10-160 / 100
60 : 10-170 / 100
:
1- ɡ
2-
3-
4-
5-
:
1-
2- LDL
( Fatty Liver)
: Lipoproteins Analysis
ɡ :
- ( Chylomicrons)
- ( VLDL)
- ( LDL- Low Density Lipoproteins)
- ( HDL - High Density Lipoproteins)
:
() ( HDL - High Density Lipoproteins)
HDL
( ά - lipoprotein) 25 % - 45 % HDL HDL
HDL HDL HDL
HDL
HDL ( 0.83 2.5 / )
)) (LDL- Low Density Lipoproteins)
(β - lipoprotein) 50 75 % LDL ˡ LDL HDL
LDL ( 0.5 3.88 / )
LDL :
LDL Cholesterol (mg/dl) = (Total Cholesterol - HDL Cholesterol Triglyceride) / 5
Triglyceride 400 mg/dl
LDL :
LDL Cholesterol (mmol/L) = (Total Cholesterol - HDL Cholesterol Triglyceride) / 22
:
Triglyceride
LDL Cholesterol
HDL Cholesterol
Total Cholesterol
*******************************************
:
1- ( Bicarbonate)
(Buffer) (PH)
PH -
(Acid - **** Balance)
23- 28 /
:
- ( Metabolic Alkalosis ) PH
- ( Respiratory Acidosis ) PH
.
:
- PH
- PH
( Hyperventilation )
2- ( Ammonia )
:
1- ɡ
2- ǡ Ρ
10 - 110 / 100 ( 15 - 65 / )
(Liver Bypass) ϡ ( Portacaval Shunt )
( )
.
( Starvation) ϡ
3- ( Pseudocholinesterase)
()
( Acetylcholinesterase )
( ) ɡ ( Acetylcholine ) ȡ .
Pseudocholinesterase 0.6 1.4
25 5 - 12 37
ϡ
( Organophosphorus Compounds ) ɡ ͡ ǡ
Pseudocholinesterase (Muscle Relaxant) ( Succinylcholine ) ɡ ɡ
( Obesity)
( Nephrosis)
4- ( ACP - Acid Phosphatase)
:
- ( Total Acid Phosphatse)
- ( Prostatic Acid Phosphatase)
ǡ .
2.5 - 11.5
2 - 5
7
( )
5- ( Amylase )
100 - 300 / ѡ
:
1-
2- 3 - 4 20 - 40 ɡ
2 - 40
3-
4-
5-
6- ( - )
:
1-
2-
3-
6- 6
( G6PDH ) Glucose 6- phosphate dehydrogenase)
G6PDH
( NADPH )
( Ribose - Phosphate)
NADPH :-
1-
2- ( Steroid Hormones)
3- ( Glutathione) ( Hydrogen Peroxide ) ( Ferrous) ( Met- Haemoglobin )
G6PDH ɡ
( Favism )
.
:
1-
( Whole Blood ) ( Screening Test )
2-
( Myocardial Infarction )
120 - 280 10
.. :
:
:
-
3